GATE EC Communications questions

A binary random variable $X$ takes the value $+2$ or $-2$. The probability $P(X=+2)=\alpha$. The value of $\alpha$ (rounded off to one decimal place), for which the entropy of $X$ is maximum, is __________.

For the modulated signal $x\left ( t \right )=m\left ( t \right )\cos\left ( 2\pi f_{c}t \right )$, the message signal $m\left ( t \right )=4\cos\left ( 1000\pi t \right )$ and the carrier frequency $f_{c}$ is $1\: MHz$. The signal $x(t)$ is passed through a demodulator, as shown in the figure below. The output $y(t)$ of the demodulator is

$S_{PM}(t)$ and $S_{FM}(t)$ as defined below, are the phase modulated and the frequency modlated waveforms, respectively, corresponding to the message signal $m(t)$ shown in the figure. …

In a digital communication system, a symbol $S$ randomly chosen from the set $\left \{ s_{1},s_{2},s_{3},s_{4} \right \}$ is transmitted. It is given that $s_{1}=-3,s_{2}=-1,s_{3}=+1$ and $s_{4}=+2$. The received symbol is $Y=S+W$ . $W$ is a zero-mean unit-variance Gaussian random variable and is independent of $S$. $P_{i}$ is the conditional …

A linear Hamming code is used to map $4-bit$ message to $7-bit$ codewords. The encoder mapping is linear. If the message $0001$ is mapped to the codeword $0000111$, and the message $0011$ is mapped to the codeword $1100110$, then the message $0010$ is mapped to

A single bit, equally likely to be $0$ and $1$, is to be sent across an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with power spectral density $N_{0}/2.$ Binary signaling with $0 \mapsto p(t),$ and $1 \mapsto q(t),$ is used for the transmission, along with an optimal receiver that minimizes the bit-error probability. Let …

Let a random process $Y(t)$ be described as $Y(t)=h(t) \ast X(t)+Z(t),$ where $X(t)$ is a white noise process with power spectral density $S_{x}(f)=5$W/Hz. The filter $h(t)$ has a magnitude response given by $\mid H(f) \mid =0.5$ for $-5\leq f\leq5,$ and zero elsewhere. $Z(t)$ is a stationary random process, uncorrelated with $X(t)$, with …

A voice signal $m(t)$ is in the frequency range $5\:kHz$ to $15\:kHz$. The signal is amplitude-modulated to generated an AM signal $f(t)=A\left(1+m(t)\right)\cos 2\pi f_{c}t,$ where $f_{c}=600\: kHz.$ The AM signal $f(t)$ is to be digitized and archived. This is done by first sampling $f(t)$ at $1.2$ times the Nyquist frequency, and then …

In the circuit shown, $V_{1}=0$ and $V_{2}=V_{dd}.$ The other relevant parameters are mentioned in the figure. Ignoring the effect of channel length modulation and the body effect, the value of $I_{out}$ is _________ $mA$ (rounded off to $1$ decimal place).

Consider the following amplitude modulated signal: $$s\left ( t \right )=\cos\left ( 2000\:\pi t \right )+4\cos\left ( 2400\:\pi t \right )+ \cos\left ( 2800\:\pi t \right ).$$The ratio (accurate to three decimal places) of the power of the message signal to the power of the carrier signal is _________.

Consider a binary channel code in which each codeword has a fixed length of $5\: bits$. The Hamming distance between any pair of distinct codewords in this code is at least $2$. The maximum number of codewords such a code can contain is __________.

A binary source generates symbols $X\in \left \{ -1,1 \right \}$ which are transmitted over a noisy channel.The probability of transmitting $X=1$ is $0.5.$ Input to the threshold detector is $R=X+N$.The probability density function $f_{N}\left ( n \right )$ of the noise $\text{N}$ is shown below. If the detection threshold is zero, then the …

Let $c\left ( t \right )=A_{c} \cos \left ( 2\pi f_{c}t\right )$ and $m\left ( t \right )=\cos \left ( 2\pi f_{m}t\right )$. It is given that $f_{c}>> 5f_{m}.$ The signal $c\left ( t \right )+m\left ( t \right )$ is applied to the input of a non-linear device, whose output $v_{o}\left ( t \right )$ is related to the input …

Consider a white Gaussian noise process $\text{N(t)}$ with two-sided power spectral density $S_{N}\left ( f \right )=0.5\:W/Hz$ as input to a filter with impulse response $0.5e^{-t^{2}/2}$ (where $t$ is in seconds) resulting in output $Y(t)$. The power in $Y(t)$ in watts is

Let $\left ( X_{1},X_{2} \right )$ be independent random variables. $\left ( X_{1} \right )$ has mean $0$ and variance $1$, while $\left ( X_{2} \right )$ has mean $1$ and variance $4$. The mutual information $I\left (X_{1},X_{2} \right )$ between $X1$ and $X2$ in bits is_______.

Which one of the following statements about differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is true?

In a digital communication system, the overall pulse shape $p(t)$ at the receiver before the sampler has the Fourier transform $P(f)$. If the symbols are transmitted at the rate of $2000$ symbols per second, for which of the following cases is the inter symbol interference zero?

In binary frequency shift keying (FSK), the given signal waveforms are $$u_{0}(t)=5\, \cos(20000\pi t)\, ;0\leq t\leq T \text{, and } \\ u_{1}(t)=5\, \cos(22000\pi t)\, ;0 \leq t \leq T,$$ where $T$ is the bit-duration interval and $t$ is in seconds.Both $u_{0}(t)$ and $u_{1}(t)$ are zero outside the interval $0\leq t\leq T$. With a matched filter …

Let $X(t)$ be a wide sense stationary random process with the power spectral density $S_{X}(f)$ as shown in Figure (a), where $f$ is in Hertz$(Hz)$. The random process $X(t)$ is input to an ideal lowpass filter with the frequency response …

Which one of the following graphs shows the Shannon capacity (channel capacity) in bits of a memoryless binary symmetric channel with crossover probability $p$ ?